II. Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution
Prevention and control of industrial pollution is the focal point of China's
environmental protection endeavors. China's strategy in this regard is
undergoing a major change compared with the past. It is changing from control of
the end pollution to control of the origin and the whole process of pollution,
from control of the concentration of the pollutants to control of both
concentration and total amount of pollutants, from control of point sources to
comprehensive control of river valleys or entire regions, and from simply
addressing the pollution problem of an enterprise to adjusting the industrial
structure, promoting clean production and developing a cyclical economy. The
amount of industrial waste water, oxygen for industrial chemicals, industrial
sulfur dioxide, industrial smoke and industrial dust discharged in generating
one unit of GDP in China in 2004 dropped by 58 percent, 72 percent, 42 percent,
55 percent and 39 percent, respectively, from 1995. Energy consumption per
10,000 yuan-worth of GDP in 2004 declined by 45 percent from 1990, saving 700
million tons of standard coal in total. The coal consumption for generating
thermal power, the comparable energy consumption for each ton of steel and the
comprehensive energy consumption for cement declined by 11.2 percent, 29.6
percent and 21.9 percent, respectively. -- Eliminating and closing down
enterprises that have backward technologies, have caused serious pollution or
have wasted resources. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period (1996-2000), the
State closed down 84,000 small enterprises that had caused both serious waste
and pollution. In the period 2001-2004, the State, on three occasions in a run,
issued directories listing the backward production capabilities, technologies
and products that should be eliminated, and more than 30,000 enterprises that
had wasted resources and caused serious pollution were winnowed out. Eight
industries that consumed large amounts of resources and caused serious
environmental pollution, i.e., those producing iron and steel, cement,
electrolytic aluminum, iron alloy, calcium carbide, coking, saponin and chromic
salt, were rectified, and the construction of over 1,900 projects was either
stopped or postponed. In 2005, over 2,600 enterprises in the iron and steel,
cement, iron alloy, coking, paper-making and textile printing and dyeing
industries were closed down for having caused serious environmental pollution
and violated industrial policies. Problems of big industrial polluters such as
cement, power, iron and steel, paper-making and chemicals were tackled in a
comprehensive way, and technological transformation was carried out. As a
result, the discharged amount of principal pollutants has kept declining, while
the output of these sectors has increased year by year.
--Developing a cyclical economy. The first step is to engage in clean
production by making full use of resources at the beginning and throughout the
whole production process in an enterprise, so as to minimize, reuse or render
harmless the waste matter; to gradually establish a producer's responsibility
system and extend it to cover the designing phase to promote
ecologically-friendly product design. So far, over 5,000 enterprises in the
sectors of chemicals, light industry, power-generating, coal, machinery, and
building materials have passed the examination for clean production. More than
12,000 enterprises across China have received the ISO14000 Environmental
Management System certification. More than 800 enterprises and over 18,000
products of diverse types and specifications have received environmental
labeling certification. Their annual output value is worth 60 billion yuan. The
second step is that ecological industry is being vigorously developed in
industry-concentrated areas so that wastes from upstream enterprises become raw
materials for enterprises downstream. This has effectively extended the
production chain, minimized the amount of waste and realized zero emission.
Besides, ecological industrial zones have been established and resources are
being used in the most efficient way within these zones or among enterprises. At
present, 17 ecological industrial parks of different kinds have been set up
nationwide. The third step is to make overall plans for the development of
industry and agriculture, production and consumption, city and countryside. This
involves vigorously developing industries that make cyclical use of resources,
so as to realize sustainable production and consumption. The State has conducted
the first pilot cyclical economy program in 82 enterprises in some of the key
industries, fields or industrial parks, and in concerned provinces and
municipalities. A pilot scheme is being carried out in 24 cities, including
Beijing and Shanghai, to establish a recycling system of renewable resources.
Hainan, Jilin, Heilongjiang and six other provinces are actively engaged in
building themselves into ecological provinces, and some 150 cities and counties
into ecological cities and counties.
-- Taking precautions against environmental emergencies. In 2005, the Chinese
government enacted the State Plan for Handling Environmental Emergencies, which
set forth clear requirements on how to receive, report, handle, compute and
analyze information concerning environmental emergencies, as well as how to
monitor and release early-warning information. The State has formulated and
improved nine plans for water environment emergencies. Among them are plans for
handling water environment emergencies in sensitive water areas in key river
valleys, plans for handling atmospheric environment emergencies, plans for
handling dangerous chemicals (discarded chemicals) emergencies, and plans for
handling nuclear and radioactive matter emergencies. In addition, it has worked
out the Plan for Handling Water Environment Emergencies in Sensitive Sections of
the Yellow River Valley, Plan for Handling Terrorist Attacks Involving Chemical
Weapons, Plan for Handling Terrorist Attacks Involving Nuclear and Radioactive
Materials, Plan for Handling Agriculture-related Environmental Pollution
Emergencies, and Plan for Handling Emergencies Involving Major Harmful
Agricultural Organisms or Intrusion of Foreign Organisms. In recent years, China
has evaluated the potential risks of 127 key chemical and petrochemical projects
located near such environmentally-sensitive areas as the shores of rivers,
lakes, oceans, densely-populated regions and nature reserves, conducting
comprehensive and careful examinations on nearly 50,000 leading enterprises. --
Instituting a beginning-to-end management system over dangerous industrial
waste. In 2003, the State put into practice the Plan for the Construction of
Facilities for the Treatment of Dangerous Wastes and Medical Wastes. Systems
such as those requiring the use of duplicate receipts and operation licenses in
transferring dangerous industrial wastes have been reinforced. The amount of
treated dangerous industrial wastes in 2005 was 3.39 million tons, as compared
with 1.31 million tons in 1998. Thirty-one provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government have established management
centers for solid wastes. -- Exercising strict safety management on nuclear and
radioactive environments. China has five nuclear power plants (nine nuclear
power generating units) and 18 nuclear reactors in operation. Two nuclear power
plants (four nuclear power generating units) and one nuclear reactor are under
construction. No major nuclear security problems have ever occurred in China. It
has achieved the goal of "protecting the staff, the public and the environment
from being exposed to larger amounts of radiation and pollution than permitted
by the State." China strictly follows the Code of Conduct on the Safety and
Security of Radioactive Sources issued by the International Atomic Energy
Agency. It has adopted the licensing system, requiring that the import and
export of all radioactive sources go through the formalities of examination and
approval according to law.
